Maxwell's role in turning the concept of model into the methodology of modeling

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition.     

储油罐变位识别与罐容表标定的研究

对于储油罐的变位识别与罐容表标定的问题,该文使用微元法分别建立了储油罐在无变位及变位后罐内油位高度与储油量之间关系的数学模型,结合MATLAB软件确定储油罐的变位参数,对变位后的罐容表进行了标定.结果表明建立的数学模型准确性较强,易于实施.     

Lattice Solid/Boltzmann Microscopic Model to Simulate Solid/Fluid Systems-A Tool to Study Creation of Fluid Flow Networks for Viable Deep Geothermal Energy

SUMMARY:Realizing the potential of geothermal energy as a cheap, green, sustainable resource to provide for the planet’s future energy demands that a key geophysical problem be solved first:how to deve...     

关于2-水平U-型设计在三种偏差下的下界的一个注记

拉格朗日乘数法和许尔凸函数法都是从设计的行平衡角度来考虑下界的计算.如果利用许尔凸函数来计算2-水平U-型设计在对称化L2-偏差下的下界,能够证明用拉格朗日乘数法和许尔凸函数法这两种方法计算的三种偏差的下界是相等的.     

Reconceptualising equilibrium in Boltzmannian statistical mechanics and characterising its existence

In Boltzmannian statistical mechanics macro-states supervene on micro-states. This leads to a partitioning of the state space of a system into regions of macroscopically indistinguishable micro-states. The largest of these regions is singled out as the equilibrium region of the system. What justifies this association? We review currently available answers to this question and find them wanting both for conceptual and for technical reasons. We propose a new conception of equilibrium and prove a mathematical theorem which establishes in full generality – i.e. without making any assumptions about the system׳s dynamics or the nature of the interactions between its components – that the equilibrium macro-region is the largest macro-region. We then turn to the question of the approach to equilibrium, of which there exists no satisfactory general answer so far. In our account, this question is replaced by the question when an equilibrium state exists. We prove another – again fully general – theorem providing necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an equilibrium state. This theorem changes the way in which the question of the approach to equilibrium should be discussed: rather than launching a search for a crucial factor (such as ergodicity or typicality), the focus should be on finding triplets of macro-variables, dynamical conditions, and effective state spaces that satisfy the conditions of the theorem.     

对高中物理比值定义法和控制变量法的再思考

针对高中物理教学中控制变量法滥用的现状,通过比值定义法和控制变量法在比较形式、认知路径及思维方法三个方面的对比研究的基础上,厘清它们的适用范围与教育价值,为科学方法教育的稳步推进提供参考。     

水溶性硅包CdTe量子点的合成方法研究

本研究成功地合成了水溶性CdTe量子点(QDs).考察温度对回流时间、荧光强度及粒径大小等因素的影响,实验优化合成条件之后确定最佳反应温度为105 ℃.接着,本研究运用改进后的Stober法更为简易地合成了硅包CdTe量子点复合微球,该微球的粒径可通过改变正硅酸乙酯及水的含量控制在160~260 nm之间,同时根据复合微粒的电镜拍摄图初步探讨了SiO₂在CdTe表面的生长模式.为了将来能运用到生物检测中,此实验加入3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTS）,引入氨基团,并优化了 APTS 加入时间,得到的粒子表面氨基含量最高.这种复合微粒具有与原来量子点相当的量子产率,同时具有良好的水溶性、胶体稳定性、化学反应性,为量子点作为荧光标记物的应用打下了基础.     

滏阳河东武仕水库至苏里桥段水质模型研究

近些年来,随着经济发展及工业化进程的加快,滏阳河水环境污染问题日趋严重。通过以氨氮、挥发酚主要污染物为例,根据河流水动力学特性及污染物输运特性,建立了滏阳河东武仕水库至苏里桥段的一维河流水质模型;并运用有限差分法对其求解。结果表明,运用该水质模型对包含马电闸上游桥、张庄桥、联纺桥、苏里桥四个断面在内的模拟河段的氨氮、挥发酚浓度进行模拟,得出的模拟值和实测值的相对误差较小。由此说明,滏阳河东武仕水库至苏里桥段的一维河流水质模型可较好地反映该模拟河段的水质变化状况,对滏阳河水污染的科学治理和水环境的保护与修复具有一定的指导意义。     

基于生成型深信度网络的回归算法鲁棒性分析

目前,深度学习在分类问题中取得了很多很好的效果,并开始在部分回归任务得到应用。然而,绝大部分研究重点都集中在相对其他回归算法的预报精度上,而忽视了有实际应用需求的回归算法预报鲁棒性问题。首先基于受限的玻尔兹曼机建立了一个具有3个隐含层的生成型深信度网络多步预测模型;然后,建立了基于单隐含层神经网络、三个隐含层的神经网络以及单核支持向量的典型多步预测模型,并利用4组宁夏地区不同季节的风速数据进行回归算法的稳定性对比实验。实验结果显示,基于受限玻尔兹曼机建立的具有三个隐含层的深信度网络模型的多步预报误差的均值和方差都是最小的。因此,基于生成型深信度网络的回归模型不仅预报精度高,而且此预报算法的鲁棒性也比较好;相对其他三种典型回归算法来说,可以更好地满足风电场风速预报问题的实际工程应用需求。     

基于高斯受限玻尔兹曼机的非线性过程故障检测

针对非线性工业过程,提出了一种基于高斯受限玻尔兹曼机(GRBM)模型的故障检测方法.该方法从海量过程数据中提取出GRBM隐层特征信息,通过隐层特征再构建出重构数据,并依据重构误差在残差空间中构建检测统计量,形成了非线性过程故障检测算法.仿真结果表明,基于GRBM的故障检测方法不仅比传统的核主元分析(KPCA)方法具有更好的故障检出率,并且针对大数据量问题具有更强的处理能力.